7al2at: Imaging and X-rays

Bilateral pneumoperitoneum

It is accumulation of air in peritoneum mostly under diaphragm.

the copula of diaphragm are raised due to under lying air

Cancer esophagus

X- ray with barium swallow

Duodenal Ulcer multiple x- rays in one photo

enteroclysis

esophageal diverticulum :

J shaped stomach double contrast 1

J shaped stomach double contrast 2

External Fixation of Tibia X-ray image :

Achalasia X-ray image
Good Quality

A photo of intussusception

2 x-rays for colonic cancer

© medicaforum.com

Bowel cancer is often painless in the early stages, but there are other indicators in the absence of any pain. You may have the following bowel cancer symptoms.

* Blood in your faeces - this may be mixed into your faeces or appear as flecks on the surface, be separate from your faeces or you may see it on the toilet paper. Get into the habit of looking into the toilet before flushing.
* Changes in your bowel habit for more than four to six weeks - for example going to the toilet more frequently than usual or having diarrhoea-like motions or being severely constipated. Make a conscious effort to know your bowel habits so you can recognise any changes.
* Unexplained loss of weight and/or loss of appetite.
* Tiredness or breathlessness for no apparent reason - this may be caused by the small amount of blood loss from your bowel, resulting in anaemia (when there are too few red blood cells or not enough oxygen-carrying haemoglobin in your blood).
* A lump or swelling in your abdomen (tummy).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMB44VKKVLQ

The most common malignant tumor of the lung
Predisposed by smoking (including passive smoking) and pollution

In general 5-15% of patients are detected while asymptomatic, during a routin chest radiograph but the vast majority present with some sign or symptom. Cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, stridor, wheeze and pneumonitis from obstruction are signs and symptoms from central or endobronchial growth. Pain from pleural or chest wall involvement, cough, dyspnea (restrictive) and symptoms of lung abscess resulting from tumor cavitation result from peripheral growth of the primary tumor. Tracheal obstruction, esophageal compression with disphagia, recurrent laringeal nerve paralysis with Horner's syndrome (miosis, ptosis, enophthalmus and ipsilateral loss of sweat) are consequence of local spread of tumor in the torax. Pancoast's syndrome ( shoulder pain that radiates in the ulnar distribution of the arm and often with radiologic destruction of the first and second ribs) result from growth of tumor in the apex with involvement of the eighth cervical and first and second thoracic nerves. Superior vena cava syndrome from vascular obstruction may be present. Pericardial and cardiac extension with resultant tamponade, arrhythmia or cardiac failure or pleural effusion as a result of lymphatic obstruction also may occur.

Autopsy studies have found lung cancer metastases in virtually every organ system. Metastatic disease is found at autopsy in over 50% of patients with epidermoid carcinoma, 80% of patients with adeno and large cell carcinoma and over 95% of patients with small cell cancer. Common clinical problems include brain metastasis with neurologic deficits; bone metastases with pain and patologic fractures; bone marow invasion with cytopenias or leukoerythroblastosis and myelophytisic anemia; liver metastases with biochemical dysfunction, biliary obstruction and pain;lymph node metastases; spinal cord compresion syndrome from epidural or bone metastases.

Paraneoplasic syndromes may be the presenting finding or sing of recurrence. They may be relived with the tretment of the tumor. We can find endocrine, neurologic, dermatologic, vascular, hematologic, conjunctive, imunologic and sistemic manifestations.

Lung Metastasis X-rays © MedicaForum

pancoast tumor

Pancoast tumors are tumors that form at the extreme apex (very top) of either the right or left lung in the superior sulcus (a shallow furrow on the surface of the lung). Pancoast tumors are a subset of lung cancers that invade the top of the chest wall. Because of their location in the apex of the lung, they invade adjoining tissue.

Pancoast tumors originate at the top margin of the lung. They form an abnormal patch of tissue over the lung apex and principally involve the chest wall structures rather than the underlying lung tissue. They invade the following structures:

Horner's syndrome may occur from Pancoast's tumor. Here, the eye on the side of the cancer may have a smaller pupil and the eyelid may droop. The same side of the face may appear drier and without sweating. Numbness of the inner arm and hand occurs. Weakness of the hand and triceps occurs. There may be pain in the shoulder, the arm and under the shoulder blade.

Lymphatics (small, thin vessels that carry lymph fluid through the body)

Lower roots of the brachial plexus (a complex network of nerves that is formed chiefly by the lower 4 cervical [neck] nerves and the first thoracic [chest] nerve)
Intercostal nerves (nerves that lie between a pair of adjacent ribs)

Stellate ganglion (a mass of nerve tissue containing nerve cells that form an enlargement on a nerve or on 2 or more nerves at their point of junction or separation)

Sympathetic chain (either of the pair of ganglionated lengthwise cords of the sympathetic nervous system that are situated on each side of the spinal column)

Adjacent ribs

Vertebrae
Carcinomas (cancerous tumors) in the superior pulmonary sulcus produce the Pancoast syndrome, which is characterized by pain in the shoulder and along the inner side of the arm and hand. Pancoast tumors tend to spread to the tissue surrounding them in the early stage of the disease. As long as the cancer has not metastasized (spread) and involved the regional lymph nodes (small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body), these tumors can be successfully treated.

Tension pneumothorax develop when air accumulates inside pleura due to injury where air enter due to negative thoracic pressure and cannot get out