Intestinal obstruction involves a partial or complete blockage of the bowel that results in the failure of the intestinal contents to pass through.
Urinary Blagger stones
Saturday, April 18, 2009
Weight loss guidelines
To lose one pound, you must burn approximately 3500 calories over and above what you already burn doing daily activities. Whew...that sounds impossible doesn't it? Here's how it works.
Calculate your BMR (basal metabolic rate). Your BMR is what your body needs to maintain normal functions like breathing, digestion, etc.
Calculate your activity level. Use a calorie calculator to figure out how many calories you burn while sitting, standing, exercising, lifting weights, etc. throughout the day.
Keep track of how many calories you eat. Use a food journal to add up what you eat and drink during the day. If you're eating less calories than you're burning, you'll lose weight.
Example:
Mary's BMR is 1400 calories and she burns 900 calories in daily activity. To maintain her weight, she should be eating 2300 calories but, after keeping a food journal, Mary finds that she's eating 2550 calories every day. By eating 250 more calories than her body needs, Mary will gain one pound every 2 weeks.
This example shows how easy it is to gain weight without even knowing it. But it's also easy to lose weight. In fact, you can start losing weight right now by making a few simple changes. If you can burn an extra 500 calories each day, you'll lose a pound a week and you won't even have to change your clothes. Try these ideas:
Instead of.... Do this...
Having an afternoon Coke Drink a glass of water. (calories saved: 97)
Eating an Egg McMuffin Eat a small whole wheat bagel +1 tbls of peanut butter (calories saved: 185)
Using your break to catch up on work or eat a snack Walk up and down a flight of stairs for 10 minutes (calories burned: 100)
Hitting the snooze button Get up 10 minutes early and go for a brisk walk (calories burned: 100)
Watching television after work Do 10 minutes of yoga (calories burned: 50)
Total Calories Saved: 532 (based on a 140-lb person)
Focusing on daily changes is the best way to reach your goals. No, you won't lose weight overnight but isn't it better to permanently change your life for the better? Say it with me: My Health Is More Important Than My Appearance. Repeat that 10 times a day and you're on your way to better health.
Calculate your BMR (basal metabolic rate). Your BMR is what your body needs to maintain normal functions like breathing, digestion, etc.
Calculate your activity level. Use a calorie calculator to figure out how many calories you burn while sitting, standing, exercising, lifting weights, etc. throughout the day.
Keep track of how many calories you eat. Use a food journal to add up what you eat and drink during the day. If you're eating less calories than you're burning, you'll lose weight.
Example:
Mary's BMR is 1400 calories and she burns 900 calories in daily activity. To maintain her weight, she should be eating 2300 calories but, after keeping a food journal, Mary finds that she's eating 2550 calories every day. By eating 250 more calories than her body needs, Mary will gain one pound every 2 weeks.
This example shows how easy it is to gain weight without even knowing it. But it's also easy to lose weight. In fact, you can start losing weight right now by making a few simple changes. If you can burn an extra 500 calories each day, you'll lose a pound a week and you won't even have to change your clothes. Try these ideas:
Instead of.... Do this...
Having an afternoon Coke Drink a glass of water. (calories saved: 97)
Eating an Egg McMuffin Eat a small whole wheat bagel +1 tbls of peanut butter (calories saved: 185)
Using your break to catch up on work or eat a snack Walk up and down a flight of stairs for 10 minutes (calories burned: 100)
Hitting the snooze button Get up 10 minutes early and go for a brisk walk (calories burned: 100)
Watching television after work Do 10 minutes of yoga (calories burned: 50)
Total Calories Saved: 532 (based on a 140-lb person)
Focusing on daily changes is the best way to reach your goals. No, you won't lose weight overnight but isn't it better to permanently change your life for the better? Say it with me: My Health Is More Important Than My Appearance. Repeat that 10 times a day and you're on your way to better health.
8 Simple Ways to Lose Weight
These are simle ways to start your weight loss program
1-Learn to Read Labels
To lose weight it is essential to pay attention to food labels. Counting calories is impossible without this skill. You should know how to find a food's caloric content and its serving size. Comparing labels among different foods and beverages is crucial for making the healthier choices required to lose weight.
2. Snack Smart
lose weight with healthy snacks
You can help prevent overeating and maintain blood sugar levels by eating something about every three hours. Getting too hungry will backfire on your efforts to eat healthy and practice portion control. Aim for a healthful, satisfying snack, such as an apple and some reduced-fat cheddar cheese. Eating more may seem counterintuitive, but smart snacking will help you lose weight.
3. Eat More Grains and Produce
lose weight eating vegetables
Whole grains and fruits and veggies do more than provide nutrients that improve your health and reduce disease-risk; they can also help you lose weight. They're naturally low in calories, so you can eat more of them and have less room in your diet for less-than-healthful foods. Plus, the fiber in whole-grain foods and produce will help you feel fuller longer (which helps you control portions and avoid overeating) and as a result, lose weight.
4. Eat Enough, Often Enough
lose weight eating regularly
One of the worst ways to lose weight? Meal skipping. Many people think skipping meals is a great way to cut calories, but in the end, they fail to lose weight. You'll be more likely to overeat or even binge (when you finally do eat) if you do not eat regular meals. Plus your body may go into "starvation mode" if don't eat enough, causing you to maintain (or even gain) rather than lose weight!
5. Drink Plenty of Water
lose weight drinking water
Water helps you lose weight in several ways: If you tend to have a problem with "water weight," drinking more water can help alleviate bloating. Replacing high-cal drinks such as soda with water cuts hundreds of calories. You shouldn't wait until you're feeling thirsty to drink water; thirst can be mistaken for hunger, causing you to overeat. Proper hydration improves your sense of well-being, which will keep up your motivation to lose weight.
6. Get Moving
lose weight with exercise
It is virtually impossible to lose weight and keep it off without exercising regularly. Start out today by taking a brisk walk or riding a bike. Work your way up from 10 minutes to 30-40 minutes a day, most days a week, and you could reap health benefits and weight loss results in a matter of weeks. Plus, exercise boosts your metabolism, making it even easier to lose weight.
7. Practice Portion Control
lose weight using measuring cups
Measuring food may seem like a drudgery, but it will prove invaluable in your efforts to lose weight. Start out by comparing a measured standard serving of foods to your typical helping. You may find you usually consume two or even three times the recommended serving. In time you will reprogram your brain to eyeball portion sizes, a key skill for losing weight.
8. Write it Down
lose weight with a food diary
What's the first thing I think anyone who wants to lose weight should do? Keep a food diary. All you have to do is jot down what, when, and how much you eat in a notebook, or you can do it online at a Web site like Calorie Count Plus. A food diary will give you a clear picture of your current eating habits so you can identify the changes you need to make to lose weight.
1-Learn to Read Labels
To lose weight it is essential to pay attention to food labels. Counting calories is impossible without this skill. You should know how to find a food's caloric content and its serving size. Comparing labels among different foods and beverages is crucial for making the healthier choices required to lose weight.
2. Snack Smart
lose weight with healthy snacks
You can help prevent overeating and maintain blood sugar levels by eating something about every three hours. Getting too hungry will backfire on your efforts to eat healthy and practice portion control. Aim for a healthful, satisfying snack, such as an apple and some reduced-fat cheddar cheese. Eating more may seem counterintuitive, but smart snacking will help you lose weight.
3. Eat More Grains and Produce
lose weight eating vegetables
Whole grains and fruits and veggies do more than provide nutrients that improve your health and reduce disease-risk; they can also help you lose weight. They're naturally low in calories, so you can eat more of them and have less room in your diet for less-than-healthful foods. Plus, the fiber in whole-grain foods and produce will help you feel fuller longer (which helps you control portions and avoid overeating) and as a result, lose weight.
4. Eat Enough, Often Enough
lose weight eating regularly
One of the worst ways to lose weight? Meal skipping. Many people think skipping meals is a great way to cut calories, but in the end, they fail to lose weight. You'll be more likely to overeat or even binge (when you finally do eat) if you do not eat regular meals. Plus your body may go into "starvation mode" if don't eat enough, causing you to maintain (or even gain) rather than lose weight!
5. Drink Plenty of Water
lose weight drinking water
Water helps you lose weight in several ways: If you tend to have a problem with "water weight," drinking more water can help alleviate bloating. Replacing high-cal drinks such as soda with water cuts hundreds of calories. You shouldn't wait until you're feeling thirsty to drink water; thirst can be mistaken for hunger, causing you to overeat. Proper hydration improves your sense of well-being, which will keep up your motivation to lose weight.
6. Get Moving
lose weight with exercise
It is virtually impossible to lose weight and keep it off without exercising regularly. Start out today by taking a brisk walk or riding a bike. Work your way up from 10 minutes to 30-40 minutes a day, most days a week, and you could reap health benefits and weight loss results in a matter of weeks. Plus, exercise boosts your metabolism, making it even easier to lose weight.
7. Practice Portion Control
lose weight using measuring cups
Measuring food may seem like a drudgery, but it will prove invaluable in your efforts to lose weight. Start out by comparing a measured standard serving of foods to your typical helping. You may find you usually consume two or even three times the recommended serving. In time you will reprogram your brain to eyeball portion sizes, a key skill for losing weight.
8. Write it Down
lose weight with a food diary
What's the first thing I think anyone who wants to lose weight should do? Keep a food diary. All you have to do is jot down what, when, and how much you eat in a notebook, or you can do it online at a Web site like Calorie Count Plus. A food diary will give you a clear picture of your current eating habits so you can identify the changes you need to make to lose weight.
Can Lipoma Kill ?
The answer is YES.
This benign tu,or of fat cells can kill be many ways but rarely :
1- Malignant transformation to sarcoma specially retro peritoneal lipoma
2- Stridor and obstruction of breath by retro-laryngeal lipoma
these are the ways that lipoma may cause death, these ways are not sudden, but however shows that lipoma should be treated as soon as possible
This benign tu,or of fat cells can kill be many ways but rarely :
1- Malignant transformation to sarcoma specially retro peritoneal lipoma
2- Stridor and obstruction of breath by retro-laryngeal lipoma
these are the ways that lipoma may cause death, these ways are not sudden, but however shows that lipoma should be treated as soon as possible
How Tuberculosis heals by calcification
This is the answer to a famous medical mystery
which is how and why TB heals by calcification :
Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease, granulomas secrete enzyme called alpha 1 hydroxylase, this enzyme is responsible for conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form.
High levels of alpha 1 hydroxylase enzyme will be associated with high level of serum vitamin D which will increase serum levels of calcium (hypercalcemia )
The lipid nature of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (causing agent) cell wall will precipitate calcium.
which is how and why TB heals by calcification :
Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease, granulomas secrete enzyme called alpha 1 hydroxylase, this enzyme is responsible for conversion of inactive vitamin D to its active form.
High levels of alpha 1 hydroxylase enzyme will be associated with high level of serum vitamin D which will increase serum levels of calcium (hypercalcemia )
The lipid nature of the Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (causing agent) cell wall will precipitate calcium.
Imaging and X-rays
Bilateral pneumoperitoneum
It is accumulation of air in peritoneum mostly under diaphragm.
the copula of diaphragm are raised due to under lying air
Cancer esophagus
X- ray with barium swallow
Duodenal Ulcer multiple x- rays in one photo
enteroclysis
esophageal diverticulum :
J shaped stomach double contrast 1
J shaped stomach double contrast 2
External Fixation of Tibia X-ray image :
Achalasia X-ray image
Good Quality
A photo of intussusception
2 x-rays for colonic cancer
© medicaforum.com
Bowel cancer is often painless in the early stages, but there are other indicators in the absence of any pain. You may have the following bowel cancer symptoms.
* Blood in your faeces - this may be mixed into your faeces or appear as flecks on the surface, be separate from your faeces or you may see it on the toilet paper. Get into the habit of looking into the toilet before flushing.
* Changes in your bowel habit for more than four to six weeks - for example going to the toilet more frequently than usual or having diarrhoea-like motions or being severely constipated. Make a conscious effort to know your bowel habits so you can recognise any changes.
* Unexplained loss of weight and/or loss of appetite.
* Tiredness or breathlessness for no apparent reason - this may be caused by the small amount of blood loss from your bowel, resulting in anaemia (when there are too few red blood cells or not enough oxygen-carrying haemoglobin in your blood).
* A lump or swelling in your abdomen (tummy).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMB44VKKVLQ
The most common malignant tumor of the lung
Predisposed by smoking (including passive smoking) and pollution
In general 5-15% of patients are detected while asymptomatic, during a routin chest radiograph but the vast majority present with some sign or symptom. Cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, stridor, wheeze and pneumonitis from obstruction are signs and symptoms from central or endobronchial growth. Pain from pleural or chest wall involvement, cough, dyspnea (restrictive) and symptoms of lung abscess resulting from tumor cavitation result from peripheral growth of the primary tumor. Tracheal obstruction, esophageal compression with disphagia, recurrent laringeal nerve paralysis with Horner's syndrome (miosis, ptosis, enophthalmus and ipsilateral loss of sweat) are consequence of local spread of tumor in the torax. Pancoast's syndrome ( shoulder pain that radiates in the ulnar distribution of the arm and often with radiologic destruction of the first and second ribs) result from growth of tumor in the apex with involvement of the eighth cervical and first and second thoracic nerves. Superior vena cava syndrome from vascular obstruction may be present. Pericardial and cardiac extension with resultant tamponade, arrhythmia or cardiac failure or pleural effusion as a result of lymphatic obstruction also may occur.
Autopsy studies have found lung cancer metastases in virtually every organ system. Metastatic disease is found at autopsy in over 50% of patients with epidermoid carcinoma, 80% of patients with adeno and large cell carcinoma and over 95% of patients with small cell cancer. Common clinical problems include brain metastasis with neurologic deficits; bone metastases with pain and patologic fractures; bone marow invasion with cytopenias or leukoerythroblastosis and myelophytisic anemia; liver metastases with biochemical dysfunction, biliary obstruction and pain;lymph node metastases; spinal cord compresion syndrome from epidural or bone metastases.
Paraneoplasic syndromes may be the presenting finding or sing of recurrence. They may be relived with the tretment of the tumor. We can find endocrine, neurologic, dermatologic, vascular, hematologic, conjunctive, imunologic and sistemic manifestations.
Lung Metastasis X-rays © MedicaForum
pancoast tumor
Pancoast tumors are tumors that form at the extreme apex (very top) of either the right or left lung in the superior sulcus (a shallow furrow on the surface of the lung). Pancoast tumors are a subset of lung cancers that invade the top of the chest wall. Because of their location in the apex of the lung, they invade adjoining tissue.
Pancoast tumors originate at the top margin of the lung. They form an abnormal patch of tissue over the lung apex and principally involve the chest wall structures rather than the underlying lung tissue. They invade the following structures:
Horner's syndrome may occur from Pancoast's tumor. Here, the eye on the side of the cancer may have a smaller pupil and the eyelid may droop. The same side of the face may appear drier and without sweating. Numbness of the inner arm and hand occurs. Weakness of the hand and triceps occurs. There may be pain in the shoulder, the arm and under the shoulder blade.
Lymphatics (small, thin vessels that carry lymph fluid through the body)
Lower roots of the brachial plexus (a complex network of nerves that is formed chiefly by the lower 4 cervical [neck] nerves and the first thoracic [chest] nerve)
Intercostal nerves (nerves that lie between a pair of adjacent ribs)
Stellate ganglion (a mass of nerve tissue containing nerve cells that form an enlargement on a nerve or on 2 or more nerves at their point of junction or separation)
Sympathetic chain (either of the pair of ganglionated lengthwise cords of the sympathetic nervous system that are situated on each side of the spinal column)
Adjacent ribs
Vertebrae
Carcinomas (cancerous tumors) in the superior pulmonary sulcus produce the Pancoast syndrome, which is characterized by pain in the shoulder and along the inner side of the arm and hand. Pancoast tumors tend to spread to the tissue surrounding them in the early stage of the disease. As long as the cancer has not metastasized (spread) and involved the regional lymph nodes (small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body), these tumors can be successfully treated.
Tension pneumothorax develop when air accumulates inside pleura due to injury where air enter due to negative thoracic pressure and cannot get out
Tension pneumothorax is an emmergency and first line of management is insertion of needle valve
Intestinal obstruction involves a partial or complete blockage of the bowel that results in the failure of the intestinal contents to pass through.
Urinary Blagger stones
It is accumulation of air in peritoneum mostly under diaphragm.
the copula of diaphragm are raised due to under lying air
Cancer esophagus
X- ray with barium swallow
Duodenal Ulcer multiple x- rays in one photo
enteroclysis
esophageal diverticulum :
J shaped stomach double contrast 1
J shaped stomach double contrast 2
External Fixation of Tibia X-ray image :
Achalasia X-ray image
Good Quality
A photo of intussusception
2 x-rays for colonic cancer
© medicaforum.com
Bowel cancer is often painless in the early stages, but there are other indicators in the absence of any pain. You may have the following bowel cancer symptoms.
* Blood in your faeces - this may be mixed into your faeces or appear as flecks on the surface, be separate from your faeces or you may see it on the toilet paper. Get into the habit of looking into the toilet before flushing.
* Changes in your bowel habit for more than four to six weeks - for example going to the toilet more frequently than usual or having diarrhoea-like motions or being severely constipated. Make a conscious effort to know your bowel habits so you can recognise any changes.
* Unexplained loss of weight and/or loss of appetite.
* Tiredness or breathlessness for no apparent reason - this may be caused by the small amount of blood loss from your bowel, resulting in anaemia (when there are too few red blood cells or not enough oxygen-carrying haemoglobin in your blood).
* A lump or swelling in your abdomen (tummy).
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMB44VKKVLQ
The most common malignant tumor of the lung
Predisposed by smoking (including passive smoking) and pollution
In general 5-15% of patients are detected while asymptomatic, during a routin chest radiograph but the vast majority present with some sign or symptom. Cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis, stridor, wheeze and pneumonitis from obstruction are signs and symptoms from central or endobronchial growth. Pain from pleural or chest wall involvement, cough, dyspnea (restrictive) and symptoms of lung abscess resulting from tumor cavitation result from peripheral growth of the primary tumor. Tracheal obstruction, esophageal compression with disphagia, recurrent laringeal nerve paralysis with Horner's syndrome (miosis, ptosis, enophthalmus and ipsilateral loss of sweat) are consequence of local spread of tumor in the torax. Pancoast's syndrome ( shoulder pain that radiates in the ulnar distribution of the arm and often with radiologic destruction of the first and second ribs) result from growth of tumor in the apex with involvement of the eighth cervical and first and second thoracic nerves. Superior vena cava syndrome from vascular obstruction may be present. Pericardial and cardiac extension with resultant tamponade, arrhythmia or cardiac failure or pleural effusion as a result of lymphatic obstruction also may occur.
Autopsy studies have found lung cancer metastases in virtually every organ system. Metastatic disease is found at autopsy in over 50% of patients with epidermoid carcinoma, 80% of patients with adeno and large cell carcinoma and over 95% of patients with small cell cancer. Common clinical problems include brain metastasis with neurologic deficits; bone metastases with pain and patologic fractures; bone marow invasion with cytopenias or leukoerythroblastosis and myelophytisic anemia; liver metastases with biochemical dysfunction, biliary obstruction and pain;lymph node metastases; spinal cord compresion syndrome from epidural or bone metastases.
Paraneoplasic syndromes may be the presenting finding or sing of recurrence. They may be relived with the tretment of the tumor. We can find endocrine, neurologic, dermatologic, vascular, hematologic, conjunctive, imunologic and sistemic manifestations.
Lung Metastasis X-rays © MedicaForum
pancoast tumor
Pancoast tumors are tumors that form at the extreme apex (very top) of either the right or left lung in the superior sulcus (a shallow furrow on the surface of the lung). Pancoast tumors are a subset of lung cancers that invade the top of the chest wall. Because of their location in the apex of the lung, they invade adjoining tissue.
Pancoast tumors originate at the top margin of the lung. They form an abnormal patch of tissue over the lung apex and principally involve the chest wall structures rather than the underlying lung tissue. They invade the following structures:
Horner's syndrome may occur from Pancoast's tumor. Here, the eye on the side of the cancer may have a smaller pupil and the eyelid may droop. The same side of the face may appear drier and without sweating. Numbness of the inner arm and hand occurs. Weakness of the hand and triceps occurs. There may be pain in the shoulder, the arm and under the shoulder blade.
Lymphatics (small, thin vessels that carry lymph fluid through the body)
Lower roots of the brachial plexus (a complex network of nerves that is formed chiefly by the lower 4 cervical [neck] nerves and the first thoracic [chest] nerve)
Intercostal nerves (nerves that lie between a pair of adjacent ribs)
Stellate ganglion (a mass of nerve tissue containing nerve cells that form an enlargement on a nerve or on 2 or more nerves at their point of junction or separation)
Sympathetic chain (either of the pair of ganglionated lengthwise cords of the sympathetic nervous system that are situated on each side of the spinal column)
Adjacent ribs
Vertebrae
Carcinomas (cancerous tumors) in the superior pulmonary sulcus produce the Pancoast syndrome, which is characterized by pain in the shoulder and along the inner side of the arm and hand. Pancoast tumors tend to spread to the tissue surrounding them in the early stage of the disease. As long as the cancer has not metastasized (spread) and involved the regional lymph nodes (small, bean-shaped structures found throughout the body), these tumors can be successfully treated.
Tension pneumothorax develop when air accumulates inside pleura due to injury where air enter due to negative thoracic pressure and cannot get out
Tension pneumothorax is an emmergency and first line of management is insertion of needle valve
Intestinal obstruction involves a partial or complete blockage of the bowel that results in the failure of the intestinal contents to pass through.
Urinary Blagger stones
Smoking and sex
Nicotine is a vasoconstrictor, meaning it tightens blood vessels and restricts blood flow. In the long term, it has even been shown to cause permanent damage to arteries. Since a man's erection depends on blood flow, researchers assumed smoking would affect erections. Studies have confirmed this time and again. In a study published in Addiction Behavior, it was shown that just two cigarettes could cause softer erections in male smokers. Results are corroborated by a review of all studies done on impotent men over the last two decades. The research showed that 40 percent of men affected by impotence were smokers, as opposed to 28 percent of the general male population. That is either a really amazing coincidence, or there is a relationship between smoking and male impotence.
Thirty million men in the United States suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED), and this number is expected to double by 2025!!
It should be noted that most of these men were older, and smoking is considered just one cause of erectile dysfunction. The others include stress, hypertension, alcoholism, diabetes, and prostate surgery. Young smokers may not notice negative effects right away, but they could be setting themselves up for "failure" later on.
Smoking injures the ability of blood vessels to respond to sexual stimuli. Normally blood vessels release a substance known as nitric oxide during sexual stimulation, resulting in the opening of the floodgates. Smokers release less nitric oxide and the blood vessels open less readily, resulting in a flaccid erection.
Thirty million men in the United States suffer from erectile dysfunction (ED), and this number is expected to double by 2025!!
It should be noted that most of these men were older, and smoking is considered just one cause of erectile dysfunction. The others include stress, hypertension, alcoholism, diabetes, and prostate surgery. Young smokers may not notice negative effects right away, but they could be setting themselves up for "failure" later on.
Smoking injures the ability of blood vessels to respond to sexual stimuli. Normally blood vessels release a substance known as nitric oxide during sexual stimulation, resulting in the opening of the floodgates. Smokers release less nitric oxide and the blood vessels open less readily, resulting in a flaccid erection.
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